Although the Kudu server is written in C++ for performance and efficiency, developers can write client applications in C++, Java, or Python. To make it easier for Java developers to create reliable client applications, we’ve added new utilities in Kudu 1.9.0 that allow you to write tests using a Kudu cluster without needing to build Kudu yourself, without any knowledge of C++, and without any complicated coordination around starting and stopping Kudu clusters for each test. This post describes how the new testing utilities work and how you can use them in your application tests.
User Guide
Note: It is possible this blog post could become outdated – for the latest documentation on using the JVM testing utilities see the Kudu documentation.
Requirements
In order to use the new testing utilities, the following requirements must be met:
- OS
- macOS El Capitan (10.11) or later
- CentOS 6.6+, Ubuntu 14.04+, or another recent distribution of Linux supported by Kudu
- JVM
- Java 8+
- Note: Java 7+ is deprecated, but still supported
- Build Tool
- Maven 3.1 or later, required to support the os-maven-plugin
- Gradle 2.1 or later, to support the osdetector-gradle-plugin
- Any other build tool that can download the correct jar from Maven
Build Configuration
In order to use the Kudu testing utilities, add two dependencies to your classpath:
- The kudu-test-utils dependency
- The kudu-binary dependency
The kudu-test-utils dependency has useful utilities for testing applications that use Kudu. Primarily, it provides the KuduTestHarness class to manage the lifecycle of a Kudu cluster for each test. The KuduTestHarness is a JUnit TestRule that not only starts and stops a Kudu cluster for each test, but also has methods to manage the cluster and get pre-configured KuduClient instances for use while testing.
The kudu-binary dependency contains the native Kudu (server and command-line tool) binaries for the specified operating system. In order to download the right artifact for the running operating system it is easiest to use a plugin, such as the os-maven-plugin or osdetector-gradle-plugin, to detect the current runtime environment. The KuduTestHarness will automatically find and use the kudu-binary jar on the classpath.
WARNING: The kudu-binary module should only be used to run Kudu for integration testing purposes. It should never be used to run an actual Kudu service, in production or development, because the kudu-binary module includes native security-related dependencies that have been copied from the build system and will not be patched when the operating system on the runtime host is patched.
Maven Configuration
If you are using Maven to build your project, add the following entries to your project’s pom.xml file:
<build> <extensions> <!-- Used to find the right kudu-binary artifact with the Maven property ${os.detected.classifier} --> <extension> <groupId>kr.motd.maven</groupId> <artifactId>os-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>1.6.2</version> </extension> </extensions> </build> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.kudu</groupId> <artifactId>kudu-test-utils</artifactId> <version>1.9.0</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.kudu</groupId> <artifactId>kudu-binary</artifactId> <version>1.9.0</version> <classifier>${os.detected.classifier}</classifier> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies>
Gradle Configuration
If you are using Gradle to build your project, add the following entries to your project’s build.gradle file:
plugins {
// Used to find the right kudu-binary artifact with the Gradle
// property ${osdetector.classifier}
id "com.google.osdetector" version "1.6.2"
}
dependencies {
testCompile "org.apache.kudu:kudu-test-utils:1.9.0"
testCompile "org.apache.kudu:kudu-binary:1.9.0:${osdetector.classifier}"
}
Test Setup
Once your project is configured correctly, you can start writing tests using the kudu-test-utils and kudu-binary artifacts. One line of code will ensure that each test automatically starts and stops a real Kudu cluster and that cluster logging is output through slf4j:
@Rule public KuduTestHarness harness = new KuduTestHarness();
The KuduTestHarness has methods to get pre-configured clients, start and stop servers, and more. Below is an example test to showcase some of the capabilities:
import org.apache.kudu.*;
import org.apache.kudu.client.*;
import org.apache.kudu.test.KuduTestHarness;
import org.junit.*;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
public class MyKuduTest {
@Rule
public KuduTestHarness harness = new KuduTestHarness();
@Test
public void test() throws Exception {
// Get a KuduClient configured to talk to the running mini cluster.
KuduClient client = harness.getClient();
// Some of the other most common KuduTestHarness methods include:
AsyncKuduClient asyncClient = harness.getAsyncClient();
String masterAddresses= harness.getMasterAddressesAsString();
List masterServers = harness.getMasterServers();
List tabletServers = harness.getTabletServers();
harness.killLeaderMasterServer();
harness.killAllMasterServers();
harness.startAllMasterServers();
harness.killAllTabletServers();
harness.startAllTabletServers();
// Create a new Kudu table.
String tableName = "myTable";
Schema schema = new Schema(Arrays.asList(
new ColumnSchema.ColumnSchemaBuilder("key", Type.INT32).key(true).build(),
new ColumnSchema.ColumnSchemaBuilder("value", Type.STRING).key(true).build()
));
CreateTableOptions opts = new CreateTableOptions()
.setRangePartitionColumns(Collections.singletonList("key"));
client.createTable(tableName, schema, opts);
KuduTable table = client.openTable(tableName);
// Write a few rows to the table
KuduSession session = client.newSession();
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
Insert insert = table.newInsert();
PartialRow row = insert.getRow();
row.addInt("key", i);
row.addString("value", String.valueOf(i));
session.apply(insert);
}
session.close();
// ... Continue the test. Read and validate the rows, alter the table, etc.
}
For a complete example of a project using the KuduTestHarness, see the java-example project in the Kudu source code repository. The Kudu project itself uses the KuduTestHarness for all of its own integration tests. For more complex examples, you can explore the various Kudu integration tests in the Kudu source code repository.
Feedback
Kudu 1.9.0 is the first release to have these testing utilities available. Although these utilities simplify testing of Kudu applications, there is always room for improvement. Please report any issues, ideas, or feedback to the Kudu user mailing list, Jira, or Slack channel and we will try to incorporate your feedback quickly. See the Kudu community page for details.
Thank you
We would like to give a special thank you to everyone who helped contribute to the kudu-test-utils and kudu-binary artifacts. We would especially like to thank Brian McDevitt at phData and Tim Robertson at GBIF who helped us tremendously.
Grant Henke is a Software Engineer at Cloudera
Mike Percy is a Software Engineer at Cloudera
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